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Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Malus assumed an arbitrary definition based on Newtonian theory to define the plane of polarization of the reflected light as the plane of incidence with no consideration of EM theory.The definition of the plane of polarization used by Malus is orthogonal to the current definition of polarization in terms of the In 1817 Young and in 1824 Fresnel construct the theory presented the concept of polarization that light propagate as a transverse wave.Maxwell’s theory completely defines the polarization properties of light.The light emitted by an ordinary incandescent bulb (and also by the sun ) is unpolarized ,because its (electrical) vibrations are randomly oriented in space.fig,It is possible to obtain plane polarized beam of light from unpolarized light by removing all waves from the beam except those having vibrations along one particular direction.This can be achieved by various processes such as selective absorption,reflected from different surfaces,refraction through crystals and scattering by small particles.The selective absorption method is the most common method to obtain plane polarized light  by using certain types of materials called dichroic substances.These materials transmit only those waves,whose vibrations are parallel to a particular direction and will absorb those waves whose vibrations are in other directions.One such commercial polarizing material is a Polaroid.If unpolarized light is made incident on a sheet of Polaroid,the transmitted light will be plane polarized.If a second sheet of Polaroids,shown by straight lines  drawn on them,are parallel,fig,the light is transmitted through the second polaroid also.If the second polaroid gets dimmer and dimmer and disappears when the axes become mutually perpendicular.The light reappears on further rotation and becomes brightest when the axes are again parallel to each other.This experiment proves that light waves are transverse waves.If the light waves were longitudinal ,they would never disappear even if the two Polaroids were mutually perpendicular.Sunlight also becomes partially polarized because of scattering by air molecules of the earth’s atmosphere.This effect can be observed by looking directly up through a pair of sunglasses made of polarizing glass.At certain orientations of the lenses,less light passes through than at others.When a plane polarized light is passed through certain crystals,they rotate the plane of polarization.Quartz and sodium chlorate crystals typical examples,which are termed as optically active crystals.A few millimeter thickness of such crystals will rotate the plane of polarization by many degrees.Certain organic substances,such a sugar and tartaric acid,show optical rotation when they are in solution.This property of optically substances can be used to determine their concentration in their solutions.When a light beam of white light is incident at a critical polarizing angle David Brewster (1781-1868) ,the inventor of the Kaleidoscope was the first one who discovered that the reflected light from a plane polished surface becomes plane polarized if the reflected and refracted rays making angle of 90° between them or the sum of incident and refracted angle be  90°.In the previous discussion and derivation,at any angle of incidence part of the light is reflected and remaining part refracted but at Brewster’s angle Provostaye and Desains found the degree of polarization A tube containing a number of piles of plate oriented at Brewster’s angle is called polariscope used  in numerous applications,in this equipment two such tubes are used and both are identical,one of them is called polarizer and other called Analyzer.One of them can produces plane polarized light,if the transmitted plane polarized light from polarizer passing through the analyzer,the light intensity can be controlled by the orientation of the tubes along the wave traveling direction.Angle of You have perhaps (it is not quite clear) supported a common misconception, or at least failed to correct it.

Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples.

... We choose to talk about the polarization in terms of the electric field because the electric force is much more convenient to discuss. The electric polarization P is defined as the difference between the electric fields D (induced) and E (imposed) in a dielectric due to bound and free charges, respectively.

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